High-level Research Publications with CIQTEK EPR Spectroscopy

We are pleased to announce that the CIQTEK EPR spectroscopy has contributed to over 100 high-level research publications!

(The list is shown below in Section #2)

Section 1. One of the Selected Results 

Vanadium-Catalyzed Dinitrogen Reduction to Ammonia via a [V]═NNH₂ Intermediate.
Journal of the American Chemical Society (2023)

Wenshuang Huang, Ling-Ya Peng, Jiayu Zhang, Chenrui Liu, Guoyong Song, Ji-Hu Su, Wei-Hai Fang, Ganglong Cui, and Shaowei Hu

Abstract

The Earth's atmosphere is rich in N₂ (78%), but the activation and conversion of nitrogen have been challenging due to its chemical inertness. The ammonia industry uses high-temperature and high-pressure conditions to convert N₂ and H₂ to NH₃ on the surface of solid catalysts. Under ambient conditions, certain microorganisms can bind and convert N₂ to NH₃ via Fe(Mo/V)-based nitrogen fixation enzymes. Although great progress has been made in the structure and intermediates of nitrogen fixation enzymes, the nature of N₂ binding to the active site and the detailed mechanism of N₂ reduction remains uncertain.

Various studies on the activation of N₂ with transition metal complexes have been carried out to better understand the reaction mechanism and to develop catalysts for ammonia synthesis under mild conditions. However, the catalytic conversion of N₂ to NH₃ by transition metal complexes remains challenging. Despite the crucial role of vanadium in biological nitrogen fixation, few well-defined vanadium complexes can catalyze the conversion of N₂ to NH₃. In particular, the V(NxHy) intermediates obtained from the proton/electron transfer reactions of ligated N₂ remain unknown.

Herein, this paper reports the vanadium metal complex-catalyzed reduction of nitrogen to ammonia and the first isolation and characterization of a neutral hydrazide complex intermediate ([V]=NNH₂) from a nitrogen-activated system, with the cyclic conversion process simulated by the reduction of the protonated vanadium amino complex ([V]-NH₂) to obtain a dinitrogen compound and release of ammonia. These findings provide unprecedented insights into the mechanism of N₂ reduction associated with FeV nitrogen-fixing enzymes by combining theoretical calculations to elucidate the possible conversion of nitrogen to ammonia via the distal pathway in this catalytic system.

The group of Prof. Dr. Shaowei Hu at Beijing Normal University is dedicated to the development of transition metal complexes for the activation of inert small molecules. Recently, in collaboration with Prof. Dr. Ganglong Cui's group, we reported the reduction of nitrogen to ammonia catalyzed by vanadium metal complexes through a combination of theoretical calculations and experimental studies. The results of this study were published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, and Wenshang Huang (M.S. student) and Lingya Peng (Ph. D. student) were the co-first authors of this paper, working on the experimental and theoretical calculations, respectively. The study was also strongly supported by Prof. Dr. Weihai Fang from Beijing Normal University, Prof. Dr. Guoyong Song from Beijing Forestry University, and Prof. Dr. Jihu Su from the University of Science and Technology of China.

Synthesis of vanadium metal complex catalysts

A series of dinitrogen complexes with POCOP(2,6-(^tBu₂PO)₂-C₆H₃) and PCP (2,6-(^tBu₂-PCH₂)₂-C₆H₃) pincer ligands and aromatic oxygen/alkoxy ligands vanadium (3a-e) were synthesized, the pincer complexes are highly reactive in N₂ reduction and conversion, while the reduction reaction under argon atmosphere leads to the corresponding divalent compound (4a-e), and the divalent compound can react with nitrogen (high reactivity) to convert to the corresponding dinitrogen complex. The influence of the system solvent, catalyst, proton reagent, and reducing agent on the catalytic reduction reaction was experimentally investigated, and it was found that under certain conditions, the di-nitrogen complex 3b was the most active and could catalyze the reduction conversion of nitrogen to ammonia.

Complex 3b can be converted to the acyl hydrazide complex 5b ([V]=NNH₂) by protonation and reduction reactions. Complex 5b can mediate the conversion of ¹⁵N₂ to ¹⁵NH₃, indicating that it is a possible catalytic intermediate. Transition metal hydrazide compounds (M=NNH₂) are key intermediates in end-site reaction pathways or mixed (end-site/alternating) type reaction pathways in biological, chemical, and electrochemical nitrogen fixation processes. Still, isolating neutral hydrazide intermediates from nitrogen reduction catalytic systems is challenging, and 5b is the first neutral hydrazide complex isolated from a nitrogen-activated system. DFT calculations indicate that it has up to 59.1 kcal/mol of N-H bond dissociation free energy (BDFEN-H), an important factor for its relatively stable existence.

EPR

The 9.4 GHz powder EPR spectrum obtained at 90 K for 5b shows the V(I = 7/2) center characterized by anisotropic g and A values gx = 1.995, gy = 1.992, gz = 1; Ax = 20 G, Ay = 25 G, and Az = 133.7 G, indicating the dxy ground state spin state (Figure 5). In addition, the two equivalent 31P (I = 1/2) in the liquid and powder EPR spectra are also resolved with an approximately isotropic hyperfine coupling of 21.5G. Possible hyperfine structures from other surrounding nuclei are not resolved. These results suggest that the P-V-P forms a conical structure, consistent with the crystal structure.5b The calculated spin density map shows that the spins are mainly distributed on V (Figure S48), which is consistent with the EPR results.

Mechanism of nitrogen fixation reaction of compound 5b

Conclusion

The results show that transition metal vanadium complexes with POCOP and aryloxy auxiliary ligands can stabilize active nitrogenous species (NHy) and promote the catalytic conversion of N₂ to NH₃, thus providing more perspectives on the mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation, especially for the mechanism of N₂ reduction related to FeV nitrogen fixation enzymes, and providing new ideas for the design of more efficient ammonia synthesis catalysts.

Section 2. Research Publications with CIQTEK EPR Spectroscopy

For more, please get in touch with us: info@ciqtek.com

> Materials <

Shipeng Wang, Qiangchun Liu, Shikuo Li, Fangzhi Huang and Hui Zhang. Entropy engineering enhances the electromagnetic wave absorption of high-entropy transition metal dichalcogenides/N-doped carbon nanofiber composites [J]. Materials Horizons, 2024, 10.1039/D3MH01625K.

Ning-Ning Zhang,* Ya-Nan Zhang, Li Li, Zhen-Yu Li, Ya-Tong Liu, Yunyun Dong, Yong Yan* and Ming-Sheng Wang, Photochromism and single-component white light emission from a metalloviologen complex based on 1,5-naphthyridine[J]. Dalton Trans, 2024, 53, 6547-6555.

Yang Wang, Chaogang Ban, Yajie Feng, Jiangping Ma, Junjie Ding, Xiaoxing Wang, Lujie Ruan, Youyu Duan, Mikhail G. Brik*, Liyong Gan*, Xiaoyuan Zhou*, Unveiling the synergistic role of nitrogen vacancies and Z-scheme heterojunction in g-C3N4/β-Bi2O3 hybrids for enhanced CO2 photoreduction [J]. Nano Energy, 2024, 124: 109494.

Jie Li et al. Photochromism and photomagnetism in two Ni(II) complexes based on a photoactive 2,4,6-tris-2-pyridyl-1,3,5-triazine ligand [J]. Inorg. Chem, 2023

Yu-Han Wang et al. A series of 9-anthracene carboxylic acid-based lanthanide binuclear complexes: construction, magnetism, photoluminescence and photochromism [J]. Cryst. Growth Des, 2023, 23, 11, 8296–8302. 

Dong-Xue Feng, Ying Mu, Jie Li, et al. Light-Induced Electron Transfer Toward On/Off Room Temperature Phosphorescence in Two Photochromic Coordination Polymers [J]. Adv. Funct. Mater, 2023, 2305796. 

Su H, Hu K, Huang W, et al. Functional Roles of Polymers in Room‐Temperature Phosphorescent Materials: Modulation of Intersystem Crossing, Air Sensitivity and Biological Activity[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2023, 135(12): e202218712.

Hu J, Li Q, Zhu H, et al. Achieving large thermal hysteresis in an anthracene-based manganese (II) complex via photo-induced electron transfer[J]. Nature Communications, 2022, 13(1): 1-9.

Li Q, Zhang Q, Xue Z Z, et al. Photoactive Anthracene-9, 10-dicarboxylic Acid for Tuning of Photochromism in the Cd/Zn Coordination Polymers[J]. Inorganic Chemistry, 2022, 61(28): 10792-10800.

Gao Z N, Feng D X, Wang Y, et al. Large Room Temperature Magnetization Enhancement in a Copper-Based Photoactive Metal–Organic Framework[J]. Inorganic Chemistry, 2022, 61(40): 15812-15816.

Feng D X, Gao Z N, Li J, et al. Photochromic Dy-Phosphonate Assembled by a Pyridine Derivative: Synthesis, Structure, and Light-Enhanced Room-Temperature Phosphorescence[J]. Crystal Growth & Design, 2022.

Feng D X, Wei W J, Li Q, et al. From Weak to Strong Antiferromagnetism: Tuning the Magnetic Properties of a Mononuclear Fe3+ Complex via Electron Transfer Photochromism[J]. Crystal Growth & Design, 2022.

Zhao C, Liu F, Feng L, et al. Construction of a double-walled carbon nanoring[J]. Nanoscale, 2021.

> Catalysis <

Zhimin Dong, Donglin Gao, et al. Harvesting the Vibration Energy of CdS for High-Efficient Piezo-Photocatalysis Removal of U(VI): Roles of Shape Dependent and Piezoelectric Polarization [J]. Energy & Environmental Materials, 2024, e12705.

Chaogang Ban, Bing Li, et al. Plasmonic Au–TiO2 interactions for augmented photocatalytic hydrogen evolution[J]. Ceramics International, 2024, 50: 15444-15451.

Chaogang Ban, Yang Wang, et al. Metal–oxygen hybridization in Agcluster/TiO2 for selective CO2 photoreduction to CH4[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 488: 150845.

LONG X, HUANG R, LI Y, et al. Understanding the electro-cocatalytic peroxymonosulfate-based systems with BDD versus DSA anodes: Radical versus nonradical dominated degradation mechanisms [J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2023, 309

Ning Lu a,1, Junzhuo Cai a,1, Baoling Niu a, Ye Zhou b,*, Guohua Zhao a,*.Preferential removal of phthalic esters by photocatalysis on selective TiO2. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 460: 141735.

Yang Wang, Kaiwen Wang, Jiazhi Meng, Chaogang Ban, Youyu Duan, Yajie Feng, Shaojie Jing, Jiangping Ma, Danmei Yu, Liyong Gan*, Xiaoyuan Zhou*, Constructing atomic surface concaves on Bi5O7Br nanotube for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction [J]. Nano Energy, 2023, 109: 108305.

Li Z, Zhang Z, Zhu X, et al. Exciton dissociation and transfer behavior and surface reaction mechanism in Donor–Acceptor organic semiconductor photocatalytic separation of uranium[J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2023, 332: 122751.

Ziteng Ren, Bangfu Chen, Yuhan Li, Sónia A.C. Carabineiro, Youyu Duan, Fan Dong. Remarkable formaldehyde photo-oxidation efficiency of Zn2SnO4 co-modified by Mo doping and oxygen vacancies [J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2023, 310: 123202.

Duan Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, et al. Simultaneous CO2 and H2O Activation via Integrated Cu Single Atom and N Vacancy Dual‐Site for Enhanced CO Photo‐Production[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2023: 2301729.

Chen Yu, Li Yajing, Wang Yongjing, Huang Rongfu et al. Efficient removal of recalcitrant naphthenic acids with electro-cocatalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate by Fe(III)-nitrilotriacetic acid complex under neutral initial pH condition [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2023, 455: 131524.

Jinsheng Zhao, Shengling Zhang, et al. Efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution: Linkage units engineering in triazine-based conjugated porous polymers[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2023, 637, 41-54.

Jinsheng Zhao, Tingfang Mi et al. Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity of co-catalyst free S-scheme polymer heterojunctions via ultrasonic assisted reorganization in solvent[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2023, 636, 230-244.

 Jinsheng Zhao, Hengyu Liu et al. Effect of substitution position of carbazole based conjugated polymers on the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activities of conjugated polymer/g-C3N4 heterojunction catalysts. Separation and Purification Technology, 2023, 310, 123242.

Haifeng Wu, Shichao Xu, Peidong Du, Yuanxi Liu, Hui Li, Haijun Yang, Ting Wang and Zhen-Gang Wang. A nucleotide–copper(II) complex possessing a monooxygenase-like catalytic function[J]. J. Mater. Chem. B, 2023, 10.1039/D3TB00780D.

Shichao Xu, Haifeng Wu, Siyuan Liu, Peidong Du, Hui Wang, Haijun Yang, Wenjie Xu, Shuangming Chen, Li Song, Jikun Li, Xinghua Shi & Zhen-Gang Wang. A supramolecular metalloenzyme possessing robust oxidase-mimetic catalytic function[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14, 4040.

Chaogang Ban, Yang Wang, et al. Constructing C-doped TiO2 /β-Bi2O3 hybrids Z-scheme heterojunction for enhanced CO2 photoreduction [J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2023, 326: 124745.

Deng Ding，Zhiwei Li et al.  Piezo-photocatalytic flexible PAN/TiO2 composite nanofibers for environmental remediation [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 824 (2022) 153790).

Bangfu Chen, Zeyong Meng, Ping Ouyang, Youyu Duan*, Yuhan Li*, Wanjun Wang, Fan Dong, S2-doping inducing self-adapting dual anion defects in ZnSn(OH)6 for highly efficient photoactivity[J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2023, 338: 123093.

Yu-Han Li, Bang-Fu Chen, Sónia A. C. Carabineiro, You-Yu Duan*, Ping Tan, Wing-Kei Ho, Fan Dong. Enhancing visible-light-driven NO oxidation through molecular‐level insights of dye-loaded sea sands. Rare Metals, 2023, doi.org/10.1007/s12598-023-02475-x.

Sun L., Sun Q.*, He Y., Feng J., Gan Z., Yu L.*, Dong L.* Rapid and deep photocatalytic degradation of polyvinyl alcohol by black phosphorus quantum dot sensitized g-C3N4 [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 473, 145367.

Chaogang Ban, Yang Wang, et al. Photochromic single atom Ag/TiO2 catalysts for selective CO2 reduction to CH4 [J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2023.

Peidong Du, Shichao Xu, Haifeng Wu, Yuanxi Liu, and Zhen-Gang Wang. Histidine-Based Supramolecular Nanoassembly Exhibiting Dual Enzyme-Mimetic Functions: Altering the Tautomeric Preference of Histidine to Tailor Oxidative/Hydrolytic Catalysis[J]. Nano Letters, 2023.

Sun Q, Zhang B, He Y, et al. Design and synthesis of black phosphorus quantum dot sensitized inverse opal TiO2 photonic crystal with outstanding photocatalytic activities[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2023, 609: 155442.

Hu M, Shu J, Xu L, et al. A novel nonmetal intercalated high crystalline g-C3N4 photocatalyst for efficiency enhanced H2 evolution[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022.

Cheng Y, Zhao H Q, Ding A, et al. Singlet oxygen-dominated electrocatalytic oxidation treatment for the high-salinity quaternary ammonium compound wastewater with Ti/(RuxIry) O2 anode[J]. Environmental Research, 2022, 209: 112815.

Li Y, Ren Z, Gu M, et al. Synergistic effect of interstitial C doping and oxygen vacancies on the photoreactivity of TiO2 nanofibers towards CO2 reduction[J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2022, 121773.

Feng Y, Wang Y, Wang K, et al. Constructing Cu1-Ti dual sites for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution[J]. Nano Energy, 2022:107853

Yan P, Zeng R, Bao B, et al. Red-Light-Induced Highly Efficient Aerobic Oxidation of Organoboron Compounds Using Spinach as Photocatalyst[J]. Green Chemistry, 2022.

Wan Y, Li J, Ni J, et al. Crystal-Facet and Microstructure Engineering in ZnO for Photocatalytic NO Oxidation[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022: 129073. (IF 10.588)

Ru C, Chen P, Wu X, et al. Enhanced Built‐in Electric Field Promotes Photocatalytic Hydrogen Performance of Polymers Derived from the Introduction of B← N Coordination Bond[J]. Advanced Science, 2022: 2204055.

Li X, Zhao R, Li H, et al. Constructing the Multilayer Og-C3N4@ W18O49 Heterostructure for Deeply Photocatalytic Oxidation NO[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2022: 122841.

Chen B F, Ouyang P, Li Y H, et al. Creation of an internal electric field in SnO2@ZnS-ZnSn(OH)6 dual-type-II heterojunctions for efficient NO photo-oxidation[J]. Science China Materials, 2022

> Environment <

Xueying Wang, Ni Su, Xinyu Wang, et al. Fabrication of 0D/1D S-scheme CoO-CuBi2O4 heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline by activating peroxydisulfate and product risk assessment[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2024, 661: 943-956.

Bangfu Chen, Youyu Duan, Shuang Chen, Yuhan Li,* Yongfa Zhu* Synergistic Activation of Small Molecules and Free Radicals for the Deep Mineralization of Mixed VOCs. ACS Catal, 2024, 14, 3966−3976.

Yuhan Li, Bangfu Chen, Li Liu, Bicheng Zhu, and Dieqing Zhang* Water-Resistance-Based S-Scheme Heterojunction for Deep

Mineralization of Toluene. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed, 2024, 63, e202319432.

Jiahao Wang, Xianhu Long, et al. Pulsed versus direct current electrochemical co-catalytic peroxymonosulfate-based system: Elevated degradation and energy efficiency with enhanced oxidation mechanisms[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2023, 458, 132004.

Tong Zhang, et al. Simultaneous removal of catechol and Cr(VI) from tannery wastewaters through Fe(III)-mediating electron transfer [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 472, 2023, 145085.

Dongxu Yang, Ruoyu Deng et al. Biochar-based microporous nanosheets-mediated nanoconfinement for high-efficiency reduction of Cr(VI), Journal of Hazardous Materials, (2023) 132283. 

Yu Peng, Li Yuxuan, et al. Simultaneous removal of d and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride by ZVI/biochar composite in water: Compound effects and removal mechanism[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2023: 124821.

Ren Q, He Y, Wang H, et al. Rapid Energy Exchange between in situ Formed Bromine Vacancies and CO2 Molecules Enhances CO2 Photoreduction[J]. Research, 2023.

> Energy (Battery) <

Lijin Yan, et al. Achieving high-performance aqueous Zn-ion storage through strong hydrogen bonding and charge redistribution by in-situ induced insertion of non-metallic ion clusters[J], Nano Energy, 2024, 122,109331.

Lijin Yan, Baibai Liu, Jiangyu Hao, Yuying Han, Chong Zhu, Fuliang Liu, Xuefeng Zou, Yang Zhou, Bin Xiang, In–situ cation–inserted MnO2 with selective accelerated intercalation of individual H+ or Zn2+ ions in aqueous zinc ion batteries [J]. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2023, 82, 88-102.

Yun-shan Jiang, Fu-da Yu, Wang Ke, Liang Deng, Yang Xia, Xin-yu Li, Lan-fang Que, Nian Zhang, Lei Zhao, Zhen-bo Wang. Accessible Li Percolation and Extended Oxygen Oxidation Boundary in Rocksalt-like Cathode Enabled by Initial Li-deficient Nanostructure [J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2023, 2213615.

Yanan Gao, Jie Liu et al. Hybrid coating SnO2 for enhanced Li ions storage [J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2023(12).

Zhu S, Chen S, Zhang H, et al. Vanadium pentoxide nanosheets with rich oxygen vacancies as a high-performance electrode for supercapacitors[J]. Ionics, 2022, 28(6): 2931-2942.

Ji P, Zhang X, Wan J, et al. Investigating the transformation and capacitive performance of Al-induced NiCoP nanosheets as an advanced electrode material for supercapacitors[J]. Surfaces and Interfaces, 2022: 102290.

Zhang H, Sun X, Hao S, et al. A Solar-rechargeable Bio-photoelectrochemical System based on Carbon Tracking Strategy for Enhancement of Glucose Electrometabolism[J]. Nano Energy, 2022: 107940.

Zhou J, Bai Y, Qiu Q, et al. Ex-situ EPR approach to explore the electrochemical behaviour of Arylboron-Linked conjugated microporous polymer cathode[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 452: 139576.

Li K, Guo Z, Sun Q, et al. Phosphorus vacancy regulation and interfacial coupling of biotemplate derived CoP@ FeP2 heterostructure to boost pseudocapacitive reaction kinetics[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022: 140223.

> Biology <

Tang S, Zhou L, He H, et al. MnO2-melittin nanoparticles serve as an effective anti-tumor immunotherapy by enhancing systemic immune response[J]. Biomaterials, 2022: 121706.

> Chemicals <

Yu-Shuang Zhang, Yi-Fei Fan, Xing-Quan Tao, Geng-Yuan Li, Qing-Song Deng, Zheng Liu, Ye-Xin Wang, Song Gao and Shang-Da Jiang; Potential molecular qubits with long coherence time constructed using bromo-substituted trityl radicals [J]. J. Mater. Chem. C, 2024, 12, 5150.

Hongxue Xu, Yushuang Zhang, and Mingfeng Wang; Tunable Quantum Coherence of Polymer-Attached Molecular Spins (PAMS): An Example of Metal-Porphyrin-Centred Four-Arm Star-Like Polymers [J]. Macromolecules, 2024, 57, 2628-2638

Huang W, Peng L Y, Zhang J, et al. Vanadium-Catalyzed Dinitrogen Reduction to Ammonia via a [V]═ NNH2 Intermediate[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2023.

Jie Zhang, Zhenlin Qiu, et al. Synergistic modulation of spin and fluorescence signals in a nano-Saturn assembled by a metallofullerene and cycloparaphenylene nanohoop[J]. Nano Research, 2023, 16(2): 3372–3378.

Ma C, Yang C, Zhuo H, et al. Tailored Cl–Ligation on Supported Pt Catalysts for Selective Primary C–H Bond Oxidation[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2023.

Wang, S., Ren, D., Liu, Z. et al. Cobalt-catalysed allylic fluoroalkylation of terpenes. Nat. Synth 2, 1202–1210 (2023).

Chengfang Shi, Laiwei Gao , Martin Baumgarten, Dongdong Wei , Zhipeng Xu, Wenping Wang* and Di Wang*. Homoconjugation Mediated Spin-Spin Coupling in Triptycene Nitronyl Nitroxide Diradicals[J]. Magnetochemistry, 2023, 9, 178.

Chen, T. W.; Wang, L. Y.; Li, S. Y.; Dong, L. C.; Tan, L. X., Anion-π Interaction in a Diketopyrrolopyrrole Derivative. Org. Lett. 2023, 25, 5774-5778.

Shichun Jiang, Wei Wang, Chengli Mou, et al. Facile Access to Benzofuran Derivatives through Radical Reactions with Heteroatom-centered Super-electron-donors [J]. Nature Communications. 2023, 14, 7381.

Section 3. CIQTEK Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy

The CIQTEK EPR (ESR) spectroscopy provides a non-destructive analytical method for the direct detection of paramagnetic materials. It can study the composition, structure, and dynamics of magnetic molecules, transition metal ions, rare earth ions, ion clusters, doped materials, defective materials, free radicals, metalloproteins, and other substances containing unpaired electrons, and can provide in situ and non-destructive information on the microscopic scale of electron spins, orbitals, and nuclei. It has a wide range of applications in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, materials, industry, etc.

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